Business Vocabulary Mix Essay

1. Instant messaging- a form of communication in which typed text is sent from one person to another over the internet. 2. Spam- unsolicited electronic junk mail or advertisements, sent as an e-mail 3. Emoticon- an expression composed of ordinary characters on a phone or computer that represent the writer’s mood or facial expressions. 4. Signature- a block of text automatically appended at the bottom of e-mails. The text may include the sender’s name, title, etc. 5. Tagline- a slogan or memorable phrase attached to the end of an email that conveys a message from the sender 6. Threads- a series of newsgroup messages dealing with the same subject. 7. Social Networking- the use of a wav space to connect with people who share personal or professional interests 8. E-mail- a message sent electronically from one person to another via links between computers or terminals 9. Blog- a type of web site that displays in chronological order the postings by one or more individuals and usually has links to comments on specific postings 10. Search Engine Optimization- the process of improving the traffic to a web site from search engines 11. Social Norms- the rules that a society uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors 12. Sexting- the act of sending sexually explicit and/or suggestive content via text messaging. 13. Inflection- Modulation of the voice; change in pitch or tone of voice to help convey meaning. 14. Cyber Bullying- when a child or teen is threatened, harassed or otherwise targeted by another child or teen using a form of technology 15. Flaming- a virtual term for venting emotion or sending inflammatory e-mails. 16. Attachments- Computer files sent along with an e-mail message which can be accessed by the recipient of the e-mail. 17. Snail mail- a term used to refer to letters carried by traditional postal delivery services. 18. Texting- sending brief written messages from one person to another via cellular phones.

Vegetarian Essay Topics Exposed

Vegetarian Essay Topics Exposed As you start to learn about the essay writing process it's important to provide time to your writing. When attempting to write like an expert writer you would like your work to look its very best. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. Or perhaps you strive to write like a specific author one day. Like the death penalty, the notion of marijuana legality was debated and discussed for decades. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. Obviously, you might pick any topic, nobody could possibly know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! Your stories aren't debatable. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! You've got a complete collection of things to compare. A great topic is the one which makes your heart beat faster. Details of Vegetarian Essay Topics Health benefits aren't the only reason to obey a vegetarian diet. Colleges are not searching for perfect individuals. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Essay topic Everyone should stick to a vegetarian diet since it isn't vital to eat meat to be healthy. Vegetarianism is a favorite pick for many individuals and families. Thus, it can be a viable solution to the problem of obesity that has important repercussions for medical problems and health care budgets. It is a popular tendency in the modern society, even though not all followers have a proper idea of it. Sure, And then vegetarians would be in a position to have fast food with the remainder of their loved ones. Being a vegetarian is just good for the surroundings. True vegetarians are the people who condemn killing animals. In modern days, being a vegetarian is not just regarded as healthy, additionally it is a mainstream type of life among the youth. The present food and supplement market offers dozens of supplements that may substitute vitamins and minerals that are present in several kinds of products. A few of the choices have to be cautiously undertaken lest one go back to the preceding pursuits. Don't neglect to check the access to resources the topics that you consider. Most cancer researchers report that vegetarianism lessens the danger of cancer. A non vegetarian food is composed of a diet which includes animal flesh. Vegetarians think that meat is unhealthy due to the diseases it's been connected with. Only you can choose if a vegetarian diet is suitable for you. A vegetarian diet has many benefits. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. Try to remember that the objective of a college admissions essay is to aid admissions officers get to know you. College application essays are often the most difficult portion of the application approach.

The Psychological Impacts Of Incarceration - 1339 Words

The problem to be addressed is the recognition of incarceration impacting adversely on some prisoners, while others cope relatively well with the stresses of confinement to a maximum security prison subculture. This topic will be analyzed using a quantitative approach. Since the publication of The Prison Community (Clemmer, 1940) virtually thousands of books and articles have been published on prison life and the adjustment of prisoners to their confinement. One article highlights this exact problem titled The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post Prison Adjustment (Haney, 2001). Mental illness and developmental disability represents the largest number of disabilities among prisoners. Purpose Statement The purpose of this experiment will be to test the theory of the psychological impacts of incarceration that relates to inmate behavior while they reside in a restricted subculture paying close attention to two specific variable age, and marital status. The independent variable of having the advantage which can be defined as misclassification of offender. The dependent variable would be misconduct of inmate behavior based on age ranges. The purpose will be achieved determining the maladaptive responses such as the increased mortality rates, self-mutilation, and prison misbehavior during the early phases of incarceration (first five years of a long term sentence). The sample will consist of inmates who are convicted of murder in comparison to the restShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Long Term Incarceration On Prisoners900 Words   |  4 Pagestopic I am exploring is the effects of long-term incarceration on prisoner’s mental and psychological state. Many individua ls believe that long- term incarceration and the conditions of prisons have negatively affected inmates psychologically and mentally. It has been discovered that post-traumatic stress disorders and anxiety is shared between those who have been in prison for a long period or those who are adapted to prison life. (Garcia) Incarceration was created to help the prisoners reimburse themselvesRead MoreEssay on Cost of Incarceration1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is incarceration? Incarceration is the act of placing someone in prison. Incarceration serves as a punishment for criminals due to their actions against the law. It is a solution for keeping the public safe. Prisoners follow a strict rules and schedules while following the culture within the walls among other prisoners. As a result of their crimes, convicts lose their freedom and are place among others who suffer the same fate. Crime is the cause of this establishment, but what are the effectsRead MoreThe Impact Of Psychological S lavery On Attachment And Trust Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages Impact of Psychological Slavery on Attachment and Trust in the Intimate Relationship between African-American Men and Women By Sametta Hill Argosy University Twin Cities Date Committee Chair (degrees) Committee Member (degrees) â€Æ' Table of Contents â€Æ' Research Question What is the effect of Psychological slavery on attachment and trust in the intimate relationship between the African-American male and female? Introduction Most research studies today explains the relational problems of African-AmericanRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Brain Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdecreased the quality of life within prisons by an order of magnitude. With this rising statistic, it becomes increasingly urgent to understand the effect of incarceration on our prisoners and whether the reformation process is actually doing more harm than good. Advances in Psychology offer us a greater lens to study the tangible effects of incarceration on the brain and whether there are long-term side effects that could persist well after release. It is crucial to understand these negatives as the repercussionsRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 Pagesform of punishment; however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminalRead MoreThe Prisoners Wife: Incarcerated Parents1152 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American children are nine time more likely than white children to have incarcerated parents, A number double that of what was reported in 1991 Most children of incarcerated parents live in poverty before, during and after their parent incarceration( Johnston 1995).The social consequences of not meeting the need of these children and their non incarcerated parent will come to the attention of social workers in array of fields of practice. This includes child welfare, mental health and childRead MoreThe Major Punishment For Criminal Acts1526 Words   |  7 Pagesterritorial prisons and military prisons, as well as local jails. By October 2013, America had the highest rate of incarceration across the globe at 718 per 100,000 people. It is equally important to note that as of December 2014, the International Centre for Prison Studies reported that there were 2, 783,689 prisoners from the total population of 319 million. The major causes of increased incarceration rate increased sentencing laws, privatization of the prisons, and drug sentencing laws. It has resulted inRead MoreLauren Touchet. Cjus301. 17 February 2017. Research Paper/Lit1325 Words   |  6 Pages17 February 2017 Research Paper/Lit Review Part I Since mandatory sentencing began in the mid-1980s, the United States prison system has seen a dramatic upswing in incarceration rates (Glaze Maruschak, 2008, p. 1). â€Å"The United States’ increasingly punitive sentencing philosophy has resulted in an overreliance on incarceration, resulting in an incarcerated population that has soared from approximately 340,000 in the early 1970s to nearly 2.3 million today† (Raeder, 2012). â€Å"Parents held in theRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problems, and cognitive disturbances (Miller, 2007). In this paper, I will discuss the impact of mass incarceration in the African American community and its effect on African American children. Incidence and Prevalence Until the 1970’s America was on par with Germany and France in incarceration rates (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015) Read MoreThe Criminal Mind, What Does One Know About It? All One926 Words   |  4 Pagesinside of the criminal’s mind, and by establishing the psychological impact. Although it’s typically overlooked, incarceration can have serious effects on one’s mental health. One tends to overlook these things because to most, jail time is a distant possibility, but with incarceration rates in the US constantly rising, I beg to differ. Disappointingly, more than half of inmates are diagnosed with a mental health disorder. Incarceration either worsens the mental issues already there or creates

Digital Transformation Of Business Models Using...

Digital Transformation of Business Models Using Exponential Technologies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Today, businesses are undertaking digital transformation to know what customers value most and creating new business models depending upon the needs of people. A business model is the way in which how a company generates revenue and how a company can make profit. An efficient business model helps to improve the performance and efficiency of the organisation. To develop a good business model first we have to identify the company’s unique value propositions that company offers to their customers. Customer’s expectations and technology are changing day by day. The people are all addicted to internet and they are using the Internet for each and every purpose in their life. Due to this change, the organisations have to implement new business models and values according to the changing needs and expectation of the customers. This paper discusses about the ‘Digital Transformation of Business Models Using Exponential Technologies’. The business m odels can be reshaped by giving high priority to the customer needs and transforming the customer value proposition and organizing operations for delivering that value. Successful digital transformation comes not from implementing new technologies but from transforming your organization to take advantage of the possibilities that new technologies provide. Major digitalShow MoreRelatedPredictive Analysis Model1387 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract. The development of Internet of things and exponential growth rate of data are rapidly accelerating and affecting all areas of technologies by increasing the benefits to the society. The data collected from different wireless sensor network can be modeled using different predictive modeling techniques. This paper listed different IoT data based predictive models and their comparison to understand the usage of model for the energy use of appliances. Specific prediction techniques includeRead MoreOnline Shopping And The Future Of All Business19 36 Words   |  8 Pagesvirtual store may be the future of all business. Online shoppers spent an estimated 126 billion in the U.S. alone in 2013. Seeing exponential growth in coming years, Many major retailers have already made efforts to set up online shops. Retail juggernauts like Walmart and Target have thrown their hats into the online arena with websites of their own. Many more entrepreneurs have begun creating entire businesses online. The reasons to take your company digital may be plentiful. As more of theRead MoreDigital vs Print21238 Words   |  85 PagesBlekinge Institute of Technology   An Economic Perspective: The Future of Digital versus Print Media with a focus on the cultural products of books and music This thesis identifies two of the major media industries: Books and music and investigates the future of digital media and its implications on the printed media. By Imtiaz Lakhani Supervisor: Assistant Professor Philippe Rouchy Master’s Thesis in Business Administration, MBA programme Fall 2010 MBA  Thesis  2010  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Author:  Imtiaz  Lakhani  Read MoreCareer As An Individual Phenomenon3154 Words   |  13 Pagesfrom the traditional model (vertical career climbing within one or two hierarchical organisations) to more contemporary ways of working including crowdsourcing (organisational problem solving using online contributors). The forever-changing pattern of careers may well account for a lack of grand theory of career and provide explanation for why it is difficult to attribute a single definition. However, while some academics have suggested that career paths transform from one model to another (StoreyRead MoreBig Data Analytics Driven Enterprise Asset Management For Asset Intensive Industries6539 Words   |  27 Pagesvalue, but it needs to be extracted and refined to get the true value from it. In today’s business climate, organisations across various sectors are realising the importance of collecting data from different business processes across their enterprise. This increase in data gathering and integration is fuelled and driven by advanced technologies for collecting data from various data sources, storing the data using standardised approaches and most importantly advances in Artificial intelligence (AI) andRead MoreCultural Industries in the Digital Age: Some Provisional Conclusions8715 Words   |  35 PagesMedia, Culture Society http://mcs.sagepub.com Cultural industries in the Digital Age: some provisional conclusions Enrique Bustamante Media Culture Society 2004; 26; 803 DOI: 10.1177/0163443704047027 The online version of this article can be found at: http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/6/803 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Media, Culture Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions:Read MoreAmb207 Book Industry3514 Words   |  15 Pagesa huge portion of the market and therefore more beneficial for these professionals to create digital content and distribute it independently. As publishers are not educated in IT and data Analytics, these skill sets will need to be outsourced or taught in order for self-publishers to maximise their revenue and consumer retention. Mobile applications are also proving to be the new way to read digital content by enhancing the consumer’s experience, thus adding value to the product. The growthRead MoreAmazon Your Industry: Extracting Value from the Value Chain4647 Words   |  19 Pagesan industry value chain, we explored Amazon.com s original business of book-selling and the entire supply network of the publishing industry. After reviewing the players in the publishing industry value chain - authors, publishers, printers, wholesalers and retailers - we analyzed industry economics: What drives profits for each player? Surprisingly, the answer is supply-chain costs - much of which represents waste in the traditional model. For example, consider the 30-plus percent return rate forRead MoreLaudon Mis 6ce Ch1010201 Words   |  41 Pagesï » ¿ Management Information Systems, Cdn. 6e (Laudon et al.) Chapter 10 E-Commerce: Digital Markets and Digital Goods 1) E-commerce is ubiquitous, meaning that is it available just about everywhere, at all times. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 316 AACSB: Reflective thinking skills CASE: Content A-level Heading: 10.1 Electronic Commerce And The Internet 2) Marketspace is a marketplace extended beyond traditional boundaries and removed from a temporal and geographic location. Answer:Read MoreThe Role of Technology in Large Scale Improvement of Student Learning3164 Words   |  13 Pagesinitiating the large-scale reform that is necessary to improve student learning, but one of the increasingly popular methods is through the use of technology. Technology is one of the driving forces behind globalization of business, so it stand to reason that in order to prepare our students to compete on a global level, we need to use the technology of the present and future, not of the past. This also means that when we assess the ability of our students to meet the educational goals we set for

Of Mice and Men †Isolation †Curley’s Wife Free Essays

Curley’s wife is the only female on the ranch and is described in a very feminine and incongruous manner, â€Å"full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men – Isolation – Curley’s Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. The bold, heavily made-up appearance matches her personality as she disguises her true feelings and emotions with lies like the colourful, interesting appearance disguises her lonely, isolated life. As the only woman, she is segregated from the ranch society and Steinbeck makes her seem more isolated and friendless by never giving her a name but being identified as Curley’s possession. She is seen throughout the novella searching constantly for Curley yet this is just an excuse to talk to the other people, â€Å"â€Å"I’m looking for Curley,† she said, her voice had a nasal, brittle quality. † She struggles to create friends or let alone have a civilised conversation with the men on the ranch. She uses this feminine appearance and flirtatious, predatory behaviour in an attempt to communicate and attract attention to herself. However this backfires and leaves her in a no-win situation as her heavily sexualised manner is the key point of criticism amongst the men as they describe her as a â€Å"tart† and â€Å"a piece of jail bait† who, if approached, will only lead to trouble as she can ultimately cause the destruction of their own versions of the ‘American Dream’. Her isolation throughout the novella is caused by her gender, sexual appearance and predatory behaviour. How to cite Of Mice and Men – Isolation – Curley’s Wife, Essay examples

Dissertation Editing Reasons To Hire A Dissertation Editor free essay sample

In dissertation editing, you must ensure that here are no errors related to mechanics, grammar, formatting and style compliance. One often gets frustrated in doing so and this is where dissertation editing set-vices come in which can help you achieve your goal easily. Why do you need to hire a dissertation editor? There are 4 major reasons why you should hire a dissertation editor for your dissertation editing: Cost and time A recent survey revealed the fact that students working on their dissertations are unable to spend more than 2 to 3 hours on it every day due to the academic pressure on them.Hiring a dissertation editor helps save all that time spent on dissertation allowing you to focus on more pressing and important matters. Stress Emotional and physical fatigue is one the most common problems faced by graduate and post-graduate students as shown in most studies conducted around the globe in 2012. Though financial and academic pressure and time constraint does play a big role in contributing to the stress, editing a dissertation can be difficult too. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Editing Reasons To Hire A Dissertation Editor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One can reduce his work load and stress level by handing over he dissertation editing job to a professional.Expertise There are certain areas of expertise that a dissertation editor must achieve: Thorough knowledge of the English language ( or the language in which the dissertation is written) Proficient writing skills for proper sentence structure, overall organizations, tone, word choice, syntax and transitions. Familiarity with the manual required by it PAP AMA, MEAL or Chicago Familiarity with the requirements of the school as far as the style and formatting is concerned.

Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies

Thesis Statement Phenomenology and Hermeneutics are concepts that are as ancient and central to Islamic perception of interpretation as they are handy in their explanation of what constitutes understanding of interpretation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In delineating their central meanings therefore it is imperative to have methodologies that are extensive in their content acquisition and thorough in their clarity since phenomenology and hermeneutics are theories that are deeply seated in the concept of understanding and interpretation; concepts that are central to the previous and current philosophical perception of understanding. These are the discussions that inform the contents of this paper as the two theories are delved into, their explanation through the eyes of different authorities discussed and differences between them analyzed as well as discussing different hermeneutics methods used in Islam. Research Methodologies Academic work often requires the undertaking of research either scientific research or Historical research depending on the nature of research under consideration. The scientific research depends on experimentation to determine the answers to questions being researched. On the other hand the historical research depends on the past documented results in the quest to answer the research questions. The historical research may involve discussing originators of your ideas, the time frames, location and context of the idea and the new evidence you have gathered in a view to answer the research questions (Kà ¶chler 1997). According to Laverty (2003) many fields of academic research have used empirical or quantitative methods which heavily rely on accessible observable aspects. However the limitation of logical-empirical based research methods has contributed to the growth of qualitati ve research methodologies (Laverty 2003). The emphasis on empirical based research was on ‘discovery, description and meaning’ (Stanford University 2003). This was sharply contrasting to the emerging research needs such as ‘prediction, control and measurement’ (Laverty 2003). It is this context that has seen use of several methodologies such as phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology among others.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, research methodologies for papers that are involved with collection of data from which conclusions are drawn usually divides them into primary data and secondary data. Each research objective therefore utilizes varying proportions of each form of data (Mantzavinos 2001). Kà ¶chler (1997) states that a descriptive survey approach is used to study, describe, explore and analyze relationships among geographicall y gathered subjects. Thus a survey was the most appropriate method to capture and compare the characteristics of small businesses in Dubai. In the selfsame way, a research paper may adopt a quantitative approach, as economic parameters can be assessed using empirical data (Kà ¶chler 1997). Therefore a quantitative approach is best suited to meeting the research objectives, as it aims at gathering, analyzing and measuring data from a large sample to test the relation between different variables. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures can be used in selecting the study sample. Stratified random sampling also ensures subgroups in the population were proportionally represented while simple random sampling was used to select respondents within the subgroups entirely on the basis of chance. Primary and secondary data are usually also collected and primary data can be collected by questionnaires, which may include structured and unstructured questions, and interviews, which are used to collect data immediately. Secondary data can be collected through a review of published and unpublished materials, such as articles, seminar papers, government policy papers, conference proceedings, business journals, textbooks, statistical abstracts, newspapers and periodicals. Secondary sources are useful as the suggestions of different authors on the research topic could be adopted and/or modified to recommend the way forward for the topic of interest. Upon completion of collection of data using the above methodologies, the main data obtained is coded into some analyzing software such as SPSS statistical software which is used for analyzing the data so as to present it more clearly and make conclusions and inferences (Mantzavinos 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Hermeneutics can also be defined simply as the theory of understanding or interpretation. As will be indicated later on in the paper, according to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. There were several factors that contributed to the general understanding of the theories some which are captured below: Identification of tradition – it was the Aristotelian rhetorical tradition that set the foundation of the understanding of these theories and in modern times, Clavis Scripturae Sacrae of Flacius Matthias’ (1657) has been credited with laying the foundational understanding of the concept of interpretation. In his book, Matthias argued for instance that when the understanding of scripture was hard, teaching was the approach that was taken to resolve the standoff and not merely ecclesial pronouncement (Mantzavinos 2001). Classical Philology – renaissance was a concept that drew a lot of attention to discovery of classical texts. With these discoveries, it was imperative to read whatever fragments that had been obtained and try to make meaning of them which heavily depended on proper understanding of the tenets of interpretation (Mantzavinos 2001). Jurisprudence – this was mostly overt during the 533 BC attempt to harmonize judicial systems of the early world mainly the Roman’s Code of Justinian. This attempt let to the need of there being proper understanding of what interpretation really constituted (Mantzavinos 2001). Philosophy – the concept of hermeneutics specifically was greatly introduced into human philosophical understanding and argument when philosophy had a glimpse into human experience. It was created at a time when there was a bloom in the search of knowledge and understanding and many scholars derived and invented theories to explain different human phenomena.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This spree to understanding brought a lot of jostling and argument which then necessitated the need to have a generalized way of interpretation of the many theories and philosophies that were being surmised (Mantzavinos 2001). According to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. A conscious experience is thought to be two pronged consisting of an object and a subject (Mantzavinos 2001). The object acts on a subject. It emphasizes on the appearance of things in our conscious or experiences. Conscious experiences are determined by the ability to be aware of the experiences. They can either be passive experiences or active experiences. Critical to these subjective experiences is the aspect of intentionality of the experiences in their direction towards an object (Stanford University 2003). The key elements of phenomenology include the subj ective first-person perspective of the experiences, the consciousness of those experiences and the intentionality of the experiences (Stanford 2003). Franz Brentano one of the most prominent phenomenologist conceptualized phenomenology in distinguishing mental awareness from non-mental awareness. In this context intentionality of the conscious experiences is the hallmark of mental awareness. The intentionality of the conscious experiences contextualized in reflective analysis may involve temporal awareness, spatial awareness, self-awareness, awareness of self in different roles among other reflective analysis awareness (Stanford University, 2003). There are conditions that nurture the intentionality of the conscious experiences such as social cultural background, language, among others (Stanford University 2003). In the context of human sciences research phenomenology distinguishes appearances from essence (Phenomenology online 2010). It attaches importance to the nature and meaning of something thus deviating from empirical observations (Phenomenology online 2010). It replaces the theoretical empirical observations with the conscious experiences from the subjective first person perspective. Hermeneutics can be defined as the theory, art and practice of interpretation of texts with a view of understanding them (Phenomenology online 2010). Hermeneutics is widely used in the study of religious and classical texts where there maybe misunderstanding. The interpretation of text was considered in three ways. â€Å"The hermeneutic of the letter involved the grammatical interpretation of the text while the interpretation of the subject matter of the text is referred to as the hermeneutic of the sense† (Phenomenology online 2010, p.1). The hermeneutic of the spirit considers the context in which the author wrote the text. On the other hand Hermeneutic phenomenology encompasses both the hermeneutic methodology and the phenomenology methodology. This methodology i nterprets the experiences. Examination prominent phenomenology viewpoints Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey considered the understanding of a text as an understanding of the expression of lived experience (Phenomenology online 2010). He reject the linguisticality hypothesis that separated the linguistic aspects of humanity from its understanding and interpretation. He held the notions that the expression of linguistic aspects of humanity that is speaking and hearing or writing and reading is a continuous process with the understanding and interpretation of the subject of the linguistic expressions. The expression and the understanding takes place simultaneously. Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg Gadamer views the interpretation and the meaning of a text as inseparable. He further argues that understanding of a text is achieved from a specific interpretation of a text. The language is considered as a medium in which understanding occurs and as such they are intertwined. Gadamer attached gr eat importance to the conditions that may affect the interpretation of a given text such as social cultural background (Laverty 2003). Interpretation is seen as bridging the gap between the meaning of the text and the expectation of the interpreter in relation to the text. He advocates for the questioning of the meaning of the text in coming with different interpretation in a process that one may be detached from the author’s intended message. He views understanding a text to be more than reconstructing the author’s thoughts but a process that one must relate with his own experiences (Laverty 2003). The interpretation of the text is done from three dimensions; historical, philological –literary and dogmatic dimensions. The philological dimension may involve the provisions of language structure while the dogmatic dimensions may involve coming up with a new interpretation of the text. Paul Ricoeur Paul Ricoeur is widely credited with linking of the Hermeneutics an d phenomenology methodologies. Paul Ricoeur’s thoughts are captured in some of his works such as ‘The conflicts of interpretation’, ‘Interpretation theory’ and ‘Interpretation and ideologies’. The similarities and differences between Hermeneutics and Phenomenology Both the phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology are derivatives of Germany philosophy intended to overcome the limitations of empirical scientific research (Laverty 2003). The two methodologies question the scientific view of the world from a Cartesian dualism perspective which split the body from the mind. Both view the body and mind as one whole. Differences between the phenomenology and hermeneutics occur in epistemological, methodological and ontological perspectives. Phenomenology examines the correlation of the knower and study object (Masson 2008). The hermeneutics on the other hand focuses on the nature of reality of the subject matter. While the phenomenology prov ides for bracketing that is the separation of an individual from the experiences he undergoes hermeneutics doesn’t make this distinction (Peirce 1958). The differences in the phenomenological and hermeneutics as research methodologies are several. Phenomenological research describes the meaning of the experiences while hermeneutics traces the development of the effects of the experiences on human from a historical perspective (Laverty 2003).It interprets the historical meaning of the experiences while the phenomenological research describes it. The phenomenology research is foundationalist in nature as it seeks interpretation of text independent of the interpreter’s social cultural position while the hermeneutic research takes this position into play (Laverty 2003). Hermeneutics methods in Islamic studies Al-Ghazali developed rules of reading the Quran that would enhance the interpretation of text and hence its understanding (Kamal 2004). The study of Islamic hermeneut ics is contextualized in two forms. The first school of thought holds that Quran can be independently read without the aid of previous interpretations by different scholars while the second school of though holds the contra (Kamal 2004). The author of a revealed sacred book such as Quran is devoid of historical, space and time conditions which contrast’s to the reader who is bound by these conditions (Kamal 2004). The holy Quran gives conditions of which it must read by specifying that the believer must be clean. In warning against contravention of this rule it may induce fear (Kamal 2004). Other conditions imposed in the reading of the Quran is the Prophet Muhammad’s traditions, conditions in the Quran itself and the opinions of the early generations of Muslims (Kamal 2004). Kamal (2004) examines on whether these conditions do affect the hermeneutics of which the Quran is considered as opposed to any other ordinary text. Several factors influenced Al-Ghazali in his de velopment of the standard rules of reading Quran including the scholar’s of his time, Islam dogmatic doctrines and rational (Masson 2008). He examined every doctrine available rejecting those he found inadequate forming a ground new ways of treating the subject matter. He faced epistemological challenges in his treatment of empirical aspects of his work. He rejected rationalism and considered reason insufficient in the understanding of the meaning of Quran (Kamal 2004). It is in this context that he considered God as ‘primarily will rather than logos (Knowledge)’ (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) Al-Ghazali’s hermeneutic position can be perceived in the following ways. In the understanding of the Quran the hermeneutic is devoid of any preconceptions and rules and gives provision for both explicit and implicit meaning of the text. â€Å"It also allows for emotional adjustments to the reading of the Quran as well as mystical aspect in the interpretati on of the Quran† (Kamal 2004, p. 41). Al-Ghazali set several conditions for the proper understanding of the Quran. He advocates the reading of the Quran free from the external influences such as religious commentaries, and religious school’s dogmas and commonly held interpretation of the verses. He also advocates the freeing of the mind and body from sin and worldly possession desires (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) the interpretation of the Quran is tied to five different levels of awareness or existence. These include sensory, analogical, essential, mental and imaginative. These five dimensions are critical in the textual interpretation and consequently understanding of the Quran according to Al-Ghazali (Kamal 2004). The essential existence refers to the existence that is beyond humanly understanding of which he can only relate to in form of images. These may include concepts that may not be understood or reasoned out but must be accepted as they are presented in the Quran (Kamal 2004). The sensory existence on the other hand is the existence in the dreamland. According to Kamal (2004) the imaginative existence involves the mental imagery of an object which is not in the vicinity of the sensory jurisdiction. The mental existence functionalizes the object (Mantzavinos 2001). Relationship between humanities and sciences The philosophy discipline is one of the humanities that try to bridge the gap between humanities and sciences (Priel 2010). Philosophers has used scientific methods in the arguments. In the context of the relationships between the humanities and sciences there have been two commonly held perceptions. There is the Naturalism viewpoint which holds that both the natural sciences and social sciences are similar in their methodological use. On the other hand the Anti Naturalism holds the view that the social sciences have distinguishing properties from the natural sciences. There have been several debates on whether the scientif ic methods in natural sciences may be used in social sciences. While some scholars argue that scientific methods can be used in social sciences other argue that it is necessary to use the scientific methods for social sciences (Priel 2010). The challenges of using scientific methods for social sciences are many. It has been observed that various natural sciences employ different methodologies for the treatment of empirical observations. It therefore follows that for the use of scientific methodologies for social sciences there must be some level of generality in the methods free from the specifics of individual natural sciences disciplines (Priel 2010). The minimum but not sufficient conditions of a scientific inquiry include a criterion for empirical testing, the logical steps for the empirical testing and the open door policy to criticism and evaluation. However there are other aspects of scientific studies that vary between disciplines. This may include explanations of observed e mpirical results, the qualitative methods, the use of predictions and the logical reasoning in arriving at a decision. These kinds of differences in natural sciences methodologies have given rise to two school of thoughts; positivists and antipositivist philosophers. Positivists hold the view that the scientific method that is the various techniques of observing phenomena with a view of obtaining knowledge is the best way of obtaining knowledge in both social and natural sciences. In this context the scientific method is seen to replace the metaphysical way of obtaining knowledge. According to Priel (2010) there are four critical elements in the conceptualization of positivists view. These include Anti-historicism, scientism, materialism, and a minimal language analysis in the understanding of text. Scientism occupies itself with the observance of scientific methods in the attainment of knowledge. While the scientific methods may vary from one scientific disciplines the common denom inator is the detachment of the researcher from the phenomenon under consideration. On the other hand materialism holds the belief the world is composed of physical elements. The positivists reject the notion of understanding of things from a historical perspective. They also downplay the role of language analysis in the understanding of things. Positivist always advocate for the breaking of the phenomena into different components in order to enhance their understanding (Jones 2000). In summary on the other hand, the antipositivists are seen to reject at least one of the following four notions (Priel 2010). Holism; this view holds that the human actions are understood from cultural context. Internal understanding; this understanding is not dependent of the external observations of an objects but it depends on the meaning attached to it. Historicism; this attempt to understand phenomena from its historical development. The role of language analysis in the understanding of the phenom ena is seen to be very critical (Jones 2000). References Jones, L., 2000. Hermeneutical Calisthenics: A Morphology of Ritual-Architectural Priorities. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Kamal, M., 2004. Al-Ghazali’s Hermeneutics and Phenomenology. Web. Kà ¶chler, H., 1997. Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Cultural Self-comprehension versus the Paradigm of Civilizational Conflict. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue, 2(1), pp.12-33. Laverty, S., 2003. Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), pp.12-34. Mantzavinos, C., 2001. Naturalistic Hermeneutics. Cambridge: University Press. Masson, S., 2008. The Hermeneutic Circle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Peirce, C., 1958. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6: Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harv ard University Press. Phenomenology Online, 2010. Web. Priel, D., 2010. Jurisprudence between science and the humanities. Web. Stanford University, 2003, Phenomenology. Web. 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